Sources:
Philip Robinson, MBBS, PhD, Associate Professor, University of Queensland, Australia.
Eric M. Ruderman, MD, professor of medicine (rheumatology), associate chair, clinical affairs for the division of rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
Ali Ajam, MBBS, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center.
rheumatism and treatment: “Non-radial axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA): advances in classification, imaging, and treatment.
Expert Review of Clinical Immunology: “Radial progression in non-radial axial spondylitis.”
American College of Rheumatology: “Predicting Progression of Non-Radiographic Axial Spondylitis.”
PLOS One: “Radiographic progression of the spine in axial spondyloarthritis and the impact of classification as non-radiographic versus radiographic disease: data from the Swiss Clinical Quality Management Group.”
Open RMD: “Non-radial axial spondylitis and ankylosing spondylitis: What are the similarities and differences?”
Annals of rheumatic diseases: “Axial spondyloarthritis: a new disease entity, not necessarily early ankylosing spondylitis.”
UpToDate: “Patient Education: Axial Spondylitis, Including Ankylosing Spondylitis (Beyond the Basics)”
American Spondylitis Association: “How Disease Severity, Race, and HLA-B27 Prevalence Intersect,” “Ankylosing Spondylitis Overview.”
Online Lab Tests: “Ankylosing Spondylitis.”
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